The terms pulpitum, Lettner, jubé and doksaal all suggest a screen platform used for readings from scripture, and there is plentiful documentary evidence for this practice in major churches in Europe in the 16th century. The passage through the rood screen was fitted with doors, which were kept locked except during services. The term "chancel" itself derives from the Latin word cancelli meaning " lattice" a term which had long been applied to the low metalwork or stone screens that delineate the choir enclosure in early medieval Italian cathedrals and major churches. The carving or construction of the rood screen often included latticework, which makes it possible to see through the screen partially from the nave into the chancel. The roof panels of the first bay of the nave were commonly richly decorated to form a celure or canopy of honour or otherwise there might be a separate celure canopy attached to the front of the chancel arch. In parish churches, the space between the rood beam and the chancel arch was commonly filled by a boarded or lath and plaster tympanum, set immediately behind the rood figures and painted with a representation of the Last Judgement. Access was via a narrow rood stair set into the piers supporting the chancel arch. The panels and uprights of the screen did not support the loft, which instead rested on a substantial transverse beam called the "rood beam" or "candle beam". Latterly in England and Wales the Rood tended to rise above a narrow loft (called the "rood loft"), which could occasionally be substantial enough to be used as a singing gallery (and might even contain an altar) but whose main purpose was to hold candles to light the rood itself. Commonly, to either side of the Rood, there stood supporting statues of saints, normally Mary and St John, in an arrangement comparable to the Deesis always found in the centre of an Orthodox iconostasis (which uses John the Baptist instead of the Apostle, and a Pantokrator instead of a Crucifixion). The rood screen is so called because it was surmounted by the Rood itself, a large figure of the crucified Christ.
![medieval church medieval church](https://www.photopublicdomain.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Medieval-church-in-Estonia.jpg)
The word rood is derived from the Saxon word rood or rode, meaning "cross". Ĭrucifixion atop Rood Screen, Anglo-Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)
![medieval church medieval church](https://atinati.com/uploads/1600109737130_12_Nikortsminda.jpg)
The iconostasis in Eastern Christian churches is a visually similar barrier, but is now generally considered to have a different origin, deriving from the ancient altar screen or templon. Accordingly, rood screens now survive in much greater numbers in Anglican and Lutheran churches with the greatest number of survivals complete with screen and rood figures in Scandinavia. Rood screens can be found in churches in many parts of Europe, however, in Catholic countries they were generally removed during the Counter-Reformation, when the retention of any visual barrier between the laity and the high altar was widely seen as inconsistent with the decrees of the Council of Trent. At Wells Cathedral the medieval arrangement was restored in the 20th century, with the medieval strainer arch supporting a rood, placed in front of the pulpitum and organ. In English, Scottish, and Welsh cathedrals, monastic, and collegiate churches, there were commonly two transverse screens, with a rood screen or rood beam located one bay west of the pulpitum screen, but this double arrangement nowhere survives complete, and accordingly the preserved pulpitum in such churches is sometimes referred to as a rood screen. The rood screen would originally have been surmounted by a rood loft carrying the Great Rood, a sculptural representation of the Crucifixion. It is typically an ornate partition between the chancel and nave, of more or less open tracery constructed of wood, stone, or wrought iron. The rood screen (also choir screen, chancel screen, or jubé) is a common feature in late medieval church architecture.